Plaster of Paris Exothermic Reaction Can Cause Serious Burns

Mortar of Paris Exothermic Reaction Can Cause Serious Burns You may have perused some time back about how a school in Lincolnshire (UK) was fined  £20,000 for neglecting to report an unfortunate mishap wherein a young lady basically lost her hands subsequent to drenching them in mortar of Paris to make a shape for a workmanship venture. Mortar of Paris is utilized in a great deal of workmanship and science ventures, regularly coolly, however it is a conceivably unsafe compound. For one thing, mortar of Paris, which is calcium sulfate hemihydrate, may contain silica and asbestos as pollutions. Both of these materials are fit for causing changeless lung harm and different illnesses whenever breathed in. Second, and all the more essentially, mortar of Paris blends in with water in an exothermic response. In the Lincolnshire mishap, the 16-year-old young lady was genuinely singed when she submerged her hands in a can of mortar of Paris blend. She couldn't expel her hands from the setting mortar, which may have arrived at 60 °C. Presently, Im not saying you shouldnt play with mortar of Paris. Its incredible for making geodes and molds and for some different tasks. Its safe for children to utilize, yet just on the off chance that they know about and can follow the best possible wellbeing insurances for working with that substance: Wear a cover when working with dry mortar to forestall inward breath of the calcium sulfate or contaminations which might be available in the powder.Wear gloves when working with mortar of Paris and maintain a strategic distance from circumstances where your skin may be in contact with the plaster.Avoid washing mortar of Paris down the channel, since the mortar can set up in the pipes. At the point when its utilized appropriately, mortar of Paris is a helpful concoction to have around. Simply be cautious.

Research Analysis of the Sydney Opera House

The Field To characterize the significant plan and designer standards, explicit consideration ought to be made to the Wolansky Foundation characterizing the site, consumptions, changes, and the architect’s ideas (n. p.).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Research Analysis of the Sydney Opera House explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regarding the way that the plan and development of the Opera House are introduced as the world’s known perfect work of art, it is important to consider authentic, social, and structure points of view to characterize why the Opera House has procured the good status in the realm of engineering. Hypothesis Neil Brown hypothesis permits to characterize the systems and approaches through which the workmanship article can be considered (n. p.) Hence, there is an immediate connection between's the utilitarian fittings and building spaces introduced by Utzon in his venture of Sydney Opera House. Tombesi and Marte l state, â€Å"†¦the presentation of mechanical apparatuses into the residential environment†¦moved close by not just with the need to haven such hardware yet additionally with the test to coordinate it into the spatial structure of the building† (43). According to this viewpoint, present day development has an immediate connection to the business and design where large scale manufacturing, tasteful illustrations, and social symbols have been firmly interwoven. Building, hardware, and configuration ought to follow the general idea and become an integrative power (Tombesi and Martel 51). The formal and specialized advancement of the Opera House suggests the utilization of the development venture in a stylish setting while the subsequent measurement mirrors a chance to test specialized examination to build up the connection among usefulness and structure. Item Sydney Opera House is viewed as one of the most perceived compositional developments that is incorporated int o the rundown of World Heritage structures. Its inventive plan includes endless strategies and ides. The development standards mirror the vision of furnishing the House with multifunctionality and compositional uprightness simultaneously (Building Program n. p.). Originator The Psychological The creator consolidated various thoughts into a solidarity of shapes, hues, and lines. Consequently, rooftop outlines covering inside volumes, circular geometry and components of nature have been ably join to render the idea of present day plan (The Wolansky Foundation n. p.).Advertising Looking for paper on engineering? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Socio-social Utzon figured out how to incorporate utilitarian fitting of the development, just as its social worth. The development was enlivened by various models from traditional and current design. Presentation of Greek intentions introduced through venue seating and presenting Ci rcular Quays are among the fundamental social and social impacts (The Wolansky Foundation n. p.). The Economic The development was made by an exceptional engineer Jorn Utzon (Building Program n. p). In 1956, when the Australian Government declared a global plan rivalry, the fundamental object was to develop two execution lobbies for orchestra shows and for drama (Overview: The Building n. p.). Scanning for a candidature from a heap of entries, Jorn Utzon made extraordinary enthusiasm among the administrative authority as a result of his extreme standards to development (Overview: The Building n. p.). The fundamental monetary viewpoint sought after by Utzon was to fit the presentation into the harbor scene. The Methodology Use of glass in blend with solid dens was the principle instrument utilized in the development. The shell structures have been developed bit by bit and, with the assistance of the materials, the architects have figured out how to pass on a geometric idea. The Artif act The impact presented from light, shading, shape and material makes a refined blend where one part improves the impact and capacity of another (Overview: The Building n. p.). The plan intently relates with usefulness and the other way around. Works Cited â€Å"Building Program† Sydney Opera House. 2011. Web. â€Å"Overview: The Building† Sydney Opera House. 2011. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Research Analysis of the Sydney Opera House explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Neil Brown Theory†. Approaches to Study the Art. PDF File. 13-24. The Wolansky Foundation. Sydney Opera House. 2000. Web. Tombesi, Paolo, and Andrew Martel. â€Å"Vessels of Expression and Flows of Innovation.† Journal Of Architectural Education 59.2 (2005): 43-52. Print. This article on Research Analysis of the Sydney Opera House was composed and put together by client Mikayla Cline to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Cellular Respiration Lab Report Essay -- essays research papers

Cell Respiration Lab Report I.Introduction In this lab we are estimating the measure of oxygen utilized in both developing and non sprouting peas. We are estimating the oxygen utilization by taking a perusing of a respirometer lowered in two water showers. The main shower will be cold water and the second warm to decide the impact of temperatures on oxygen utilization. Our negative control will be glass dots to gauge to increment or reduction in air weight or temperature changes. There is an immediate connection between oxygen utilization and Carbon Dioxide delivered, hence the more O2 expended the more CO2 created. To keep the measure of CO2 created from offsetting any weight picked up or lost from the utilization of CO2 we are including KOH(Potassium Hydroxide) to the respirometers. Since the CO2 will be specifically evacuated the adjustment in the volume of gas in the respirometer ought to be legitimately identified with the oxygen expended. In this examination the growing peas, in both water showers, ought to devour consi derably more oxygen than the non-developing peas or the glass globules, since germination has started in this manner quickening cell responses and the pace of breath. The virus water shower should back the breath off in each of the three respirometers. II.     Materials and Procedures. For this trial we have arranged to water showers. One shower is ice water, around 10 degrees Celsius, the other warm, around 25 degrees Celsius. Both water shower...

Mr. and Mrs. and More

Mr. also, Mrs. and the sky is the limit from there Mr. also, Mrs. and the sky is the limit from there Mr. also, Mrs. and the sky is the limit from there By Mark Nichol This post subtleties the stages of shortened forms for politeness titles. As referenced in this post, mister created as a variation of ace. (Strangely, the more up to date title came to relate to wedded men, while ace, when a title of regard for a social predominant, was saved for unmarried men and young men.) Originally, both ace and mister were truncated Mr. before a person’s name as a kindness title, however as ace dropped out of utilization, Mr. came to be applied exclusively as a contraction for sir. Mrs. was initially a conventional shortened form of fancy woman before a name, however it formed into a civility title explicitly for a wedded or bereft lady, while Miss, with no truncation, was embraced as an honorific for unmarried ladies. Ms. started as a variation shortened form of fancy woman as a politeness title during the 1600s yet become undesirable. (At the turn of the twentieth century, it was proposed as a substitute type of address for a lady whose conjugal status is obscure, yet the thought didn't pick up footing, nor did the shortening look on fifty years up some other time when two or three business distributions brought the issue up once more. Be that as it may, after women's activist and writer Gloria Steinem embraced the condensing as the title of another magazine for ladies in 1972, its utilization immediately spread.) Since no local plural type of Mr. or on the other hand Mrs. created in English, the French shortened forms Messrs. (Messieurs) and Mmes. (Mesdames) were obtained; Mses. created in impersonation, and the plural type of Miss, Misses, similar to the solitary structure, didn't obtain a shortening. Due to the decrease being used of such honorifics, the plural structures are once in a while observed any longer. As a kind of perspective to a man who epitomizes a specific quality, Mr. shows up in such references as â€Å"Mr. Right† (the perfect man for a lady to wed) or â€Å"Mr. Big† (a man of noteworthy position and additionally status). Missus, a subordinate of escort dependent on an easygoing way to express the last word, and Miz, a spelling dependent on the way to express Mrs. or on the other hand Miss in the southern United States, ought to by and large be utilized distinctly in exchange in truly or topographically suitable fiction. Be that as it may, â€Å"the Mrs.† or â€Å"the missus,† spelled as appeared as hilarious references to one’s spouse, are suitable in casual composition. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Style class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsConfused With and Confounded AboutThe Difference Between Phonics and Phonetics

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Insource And Outsource Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Insource And Outsource - Essay Example As a little insurance agency, there are relevant capacities that the business needs which are not center to either its development or for increasing upper hand. These capacities incorporate human asset, finance, IT and somewhat financed. Re-appropriating here would offer a superior decision than insourcing in light of the fact that the organization would have the option to save money on representative remuneration, office costs, and other related expenses. Redistributing basically changes over fixed expenses into variable costs, which will empower the private venture to utilize these assets for speculation somewhere else in the business (AllBusiness.com 3). On the other side, little organizations must be cautious while arranging the terms of administration with a redistributing firm. Knowing the test that independent companies face with respect to gauging their cost choices, a re-appropriating organization could trap the little organization as far as administration that have various shrouded charges. Notwithstanding, except if the re-appropriated administrations supplier has various strange charges with regards to overseeing costs for a little insurance agency, redistributing offers a superior arrangement than insourcing. On the start, insourcing seems like a financially savvy methodology for an organization to utilize in light of the fact that it will essentially depend on assets that it as of now has. This might be valid for huge associations that have various divisions and representatives. Little organizations are as of now obliged as far as staffing, and to oversee costs they will in general have workers with adaptable job profiles.â

What now suckas!

What now suckas! WAAAAAAY a long time ago, Chris blogged about Ring Premiere. Were talking ages ago, so long that I almost forgot it even happened. Before we get started with this entry, let me dust the cobwebs out of your head with some visual cues. Remember now? This was all back in February, at the very beginning of the semester. Since then, all the sophomores have had to wait patiently, doing PSETS, taking tests, and generally being ring-less. Ring Premiere was on February 6th, Ring Delivery was last night on May 8th. I think I speak for a lot of us when I say that was a VERY long three months. But, last night it was over, and it was time for Ring Delivery. First, some back story. MIT students all get their class rings during their Sophomore Year. The rings, known as brass rats, is the main identifying feature of an MIT student. If youre wandering around and you see somebody with a brass rat on then you know they went to MIT. And theyre not hard to miss, theyre massive, gaudy, and absolutely beautiful. Class of 1975 president William Wang said that there are three recognizable rings in the worldâ€"the Brass Rat, the West Point ring, and the Super Bowl ring. Its a formal affair, everybody dresses up charges their cameras, and gets hungry because Ring Delivery as an elegant, photo-inclined, shove your face full of fancy food event that simply isnt to be missed. Instead of writing words, I decided to steal a page out of Jess Kims book and fancily caption all of my pictures, all 35+ of them. So, without further delay, enjoy! Post Tagged #Brass Rat #Ring Delivery

Li Ning in with Nike and Adidas to Carve Up Sportswear Market - Free Essay Example

Brand loyalty is stronger for Li Ning than for the two leading foreign brands, suggesting that modern marketing strategy is taking hold on the Chinese mainland much more quickly than had previously been anticipated. A study jointly undertaken by Horizon Research and Horizonkey. com on leading sports shoe brands in 2003, Li Ning leads in brand loyalty with 53. 4%, followed by Adidas and Nike with 39. 8% and 39. 1% respectively. However, two other domestic brands Shuangxing and Anta are not faring too well in the loyalty stakes, scoring 13. % and 15. 1% respectively, but that could be down to the fact that sufficient work has not been done as yet to position them in the market, and may also reflect the fewer competitive features that these smaller brands can offer. Analysis of market competition between different brands shows that, for all purposes, Li Ning is already on a par with international heavyweights in all departments and has become their major rival in China. Anta, Shuangxing and other domestic brands that target the lower end of the market are no match for Nike, Adidas and other big names, nor pose any substantive pressure on these brands. Analysis of foreign brands shows that among non-loyal consumers of Nike (those who buy Nike sports clothing but other brands of sports shoes or buy Nike shoes but other brands of sports clothing), over 50% have switched allegiance to domestic brands while less than 50% have chosen foreign brands. Further studies found that the majority of those who switched allegiance to domestic brands mainly turned to the domestic market leader Li Ning. So, Li Ning is the major competitor for Nike, and its threat to Nike even surpasses that of the latters long-time rivalry with Adidas. But Nike cannot overlook Adidas, because those who switched to foreign brands actually ended up choosing Adidas.

Gods Grandeur Poetry Analysis - 1460 Words

God s Grandeur Poetry Analysis Title: â€Å"God’s Grandeur† might be a poem about God, and his power. Paraphrase: The world is filled with God’s greatness and power, one day it will go out like a light. It gathers to a high point, and is then crushed. Why then do people not care about His authority; His wrath. Generations after generations have carried on in this depressing manner. Everything is ruined by trade; everything is blurry, being smeared by laborious work. Everything now is covered with the things people have done wrong: the soil is bare and your bare foot cannot feel the ground anymore because it is cloaked in wrong-doing. And even after all this, nature is not done for. Underneath all of that human-inspired filth is a sincere†¦show more content†¦We know that he blames us for the unsightly smudge on these Earth glasses because it is the glasses that is coated or â€Å"wearing† and â€Å"sharing† man’s smell and filth. * Now is also a good time to address the speaker’s detached tone. He is not so much detached from the words that he is saying; rather he is detached from the subject of his words. He does not associate himself with the rest of mankind. This is clear because he points the finger at â€Å"man† instead of saying â€Å"we† or â€Å"us†; he clearly does not see himself at blame for the smudge on the Earth glasses. * As we go on to the second stanza, things look brighter. And more hopeful. â€Å"And for all this, nature is never spent; There lives the dearest freshness deep down things† we can tell his mood has shifted, by a few tells. The first being the very first word â€Å"and†, clearly a transitional word, which means we are leaving behind the previous negative idea and moving on to something else. Then obviously, he outright tells us that the battle against the evil smudges on our Earth glasses is not lost, which gives us hope. In this next line â€Å"There lives the dearest freshness deep down things† the words â€Å"dearest freshness† give co nnotations of flowery hopefulness and positivity. Title/Theme: â€Å"God’s Grandeur† is about how man has spoiled the Earth’s surface with what the speaker believes to be sin, but because of God’s greatness not everything is lost because thereShow MoreRelatedGerard Manley Hopkins2457 Words   |  10 PagesContents Page # I. Introduction 1 II. Biography 1 III. Poem #1 â€Å"God’s Grandeur† 3 IV. Poem #2 â€Å"Binsey Poplars† 4 V. Reputation and Critical Reception 5 VI. Conclusion 6 I. Introduction Bridging the distance between nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Gerard Manley Hopkins’ poetry is of great significance. As often the case with innovators and artists who are ahead of their times, Gerard Manley Hopkins wasRead More`` Contemplations `` By Anne Bradstreet Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pagespreviously mentioned, â€Å"like any good Puritan, [Anne Bradstreet] added to the care of her daily life the examination of her conscience.† Referred to as â€Å"meditations†, Bradstreet insisted that her inspections , not Scripture, are what convinced her of God’s presence (â€Å"Anne Bradstreet† 207). Similarly, in Transcendentalism, they too â€Å"trusted to insights, [and] transcending logic† and used â€Å"experience for the revelation of the deepest truths† (American literature). Although, there is the presence of thisRead MoreAn Analysis Of Annie Dillard s An American Childhood1192 Words   |  5 Pagescontrasting interpretation . 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(2010 AP Literature and Composition) Disobedience and Exile an Analysis of Satan from Milton’s Paradise Lost John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost, has been the subject of criticism and interpretation through many years; these interpretations concur in that Adam and Eve are the sufferers of the poem, and it is theirRead MoreA Child is the Father of Man2480 Words   |  10 Pagesthis period of life. In his famous â€Å"Immortality Ode†, he shows incredible tribute for the child and calls him: Best philosopher†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mighty prophet! And seer bless. The poet feels that a child sees a celestial light and enjoys himself in the dreamy grandeur. What he means to say is that a child is like a mystic who has some ability of seeing the light of heaven in some objects of nature which a common man may not be able to see. As the critic, Marion Montgomery says: Wordworth’s reflections on hisRead Morethatcher4803 Words   |  20 Pages(â€Å"brute†) beauty of the bird in flight is but a spark in comparison with the glory of Christ, whose grandeur and spiritual power are â€Å"a billion times told lovelier, more dangerous.† The first sentence of the sestet can read as either descriptive or imperative, or both. The idea is that something glorious happens when a being’s physical body, will, and action are all brought into accordance with God’s will, culminating in the perfect self-expression. Hopkins, realizing that his own heart was â€Å"in hidingRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesJamaicans regard as their cultural contribution to the world. Later I will return to these issues and will demonstrate how they contribute to the routinization of Rastafari in Jamaica. The nature of this book dictates a heavy reliance on documentary analysis. My focus is interpretation not ethnography. Therefore, I have not sought to generate primary data on the movement but to analyze and re-analyze the growing body of scholarly and popular literature on the movement, including sociological and anthropological

Defining Literature Essay - 928 Words

The definition of literature has been discussed and argued over time and there is no precise answer to be given. Any reader or author can define literature as whatever they wish it to be defined as. This is more of an opinion of how one views certain pieces of work or writings and whether or not they feel that is actually literature or not. Literature is any type of creative writing such as fiction or poetry, for example. Literature is also any form of body of written works of language, which could be from the English era or even as far back as the Shakespearean or Elizabethan era. It is also work from a specific period or culture defining key elements or somehow relating to and/or expressing how it is exactly from that time. The†¦show more content†¦In her poem, Dylan in lines 4 and 5, she writes, Her hair was a halo of warm light / and color dripped off her tongue (23). The reader can interpret just from those two lines the creativity and imagination not only in tha t one poem, but also in all poetry. The description of hair being a halo of warm light allows the reader to use his or her own imagination to perceive that image in whichever way they would like. Creative writing can be determined by many other things not only image or structure of how the poem is set into stanzas, but what is left up to the reader for interpretation. Jewel writes in Cautious in lines 23-29, an open vessel / whose function it was / to be filled / until my consciousness / could return and / spit out / the bad seeds (18). After reading these lines the reader can be left with different feelings and emotions that vary from disgust or simplicity. This is just another example of how poetry is creative writing. According to the American Heritage Dictionary, literature is defined as being the body of written works of a language, period, or culture. An author of any specific type of writing or works can include certain details pertaining to language or other details, which allow the reader to develop a sensory image of that specific period or culture. If the reader had no prior knowledge to the language, period, or culture of the writing he or she would be reading, upon reading and analyzingShow MoreRelatedDefining Characteristics Of Dystopian Literature755 Words   |  4 PagesResponse Questions Two Defining Characteristics of Dystopian Literature A characteristic that defines ‘The Declaration’ as a dystopian literature is the extremely controlling government, or ‘Authorities’. The Authorities control; the birth rates (next to none), the Longevity drug distribution, what the ‘Legal’ citizens believe about the Surpluses, what the Surpluses believe about themselves, the catchers, and even what the Surpluses eat for breakfast plus much more. Another defining characteristic isRead MoreNaturalism and Regionalism Defining through American Literature1470 Words   |  6 PagesRegionalism and naturalism are two different types of American literature. Naturalism focuses on the philosophical or scientific ideas whereas regionalism is about he characteristics of a specific region. Bret Harte and Willa Cather are regionalist authors who use the setting to put emphasis in their stories. Furthermore, Mark Twain is a naturalist writer. Twain attempts to use lower class citizens to get across a bigger point. Harte also uses minorities. However, he focuses on how the regionRead MoreEssay on Discussing Literary Genre944 Words   |  4 Pagesconventional definition tends to be based on the idea that texts within a genre share particular conventions of content and form, such as themes, settings, structure and style. However, the nature of genre leads to several problems inherent in the defining of genres. Certain genres are loose r and more open ended in their conventions than other genres and some genres have many conventions while others have very few. Furthermore, literary texts that overlap and mix genres blur the distinction betweenRead MoreArt Is An Extraordinary Subject862 Words   |  4 PagesArt is an extraordinary subject, defining what constitutes as art is not as easy task. Since there are many different forms of art and most of it is up to the interpretation of the artist or the audience, art has no one singular defining characteristic. The general public a lot of the times is not even aware they appreciate an art form. Art surrounds their everyday life. Art has the ability to; move us emotionally; to heal our minds; inform us about past and present societies and even enhance ourRead MoreThe Dark Knight Returns, By Jorge Luis Borges Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesWriter, Jorge Luis Borges says, â€Å"The things that are said in literature are always the same. What is important is the way they are said.† Literature is such a broad, all encompassing term that much is lost in translation. This is part of the reason behind the ongoing brawl: what qualifies as literature? In the case of graphic novels, they are often cast aside by critics, deemed definitively inferior and lacking intellectual merit. However, this assumption does not hold up in today’s world of literaryRead MoreWhat Is Literature Essay689 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Literature? Poems, novels, and stories; these are some of the things that first came to my mind upon pondering on the question What is Literature?. And just lately I have known that literature also includes songs, speeches, plays, and many others in written and spoken forms. I have also known that things that are produced out of creative imagination can be referred as literary works which are the ones that comprise literature. Considering this description of what literature is, the coverageRead MoreLiterature Is Not Only What We Read, Reflecting On The1522 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature is not only what we read, reflecting on the context in which it is written in. The role of value of judgement in the reading of literature is almost part of the world, involving systems of valuations between literary texts and authors. Value of judgement is between the rightness and wrongness of something or someone in context with the utility of importance. The value of jud gement in the reading of literature is much more complicated, pointing out theRead MoreThe Heat Of Summer863 Words   |  4 Pagesamong seasoned and emerging writers. Here is a list of our top seven favorite literary spots around the web for encouragement and inspiration. 1. lithub.com Literary Hub publishes reviews, suggested reading, in depth pieces on art, culture, and literature, and so much more. For writers, lithub is a great resource for long editorial pieces that demonstrate quality writing and craftsmanship. Their Features vertical covers literary trends and how modern readers interact with classic and contemporaryRead MoreAnalysis Of Maus And The Sandman By Neil Gainman1454 Words   |  6 PagesWhen defining great literature, graphic novels are often the last source scholars and educators consider. In general, graphic novels are seen as low-brow, mass culture entertainment or as pedagogical tools (Long 6). In recent years graphic novels have proven to be worthy of being considered great literature and valuable tools in the classroom. Comic books should not be viewed simply as aesthetic objects, but rather as texts which function when read by their audience within a specific context. OurRead MoreA Reflection in Sylvia Plaths Mirror1013 Words   |   5 PagesA Reflection in Sylvia Plath’s Mirror Amanda L. Wilson Eng:125 Introduction to Literature Professor Lyndsey Lefebvre November 18, 2013 A Reflection in Sylvia Plath’s Mirror Sylvia Plath’s poem Mirror (1963) is evocative, provocative, and expressive. According to Clugston (2010) these are important components of poetry. Sylvia Plath’s first line is a projection of the mirror providing its introduction saying, â€Å"I am silver and exact†(Plath, 1963, line 1). The mirror is the protagonist who

Remuneration As A Managers Tool To Motivation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 4999 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? This dissertation is based on a concept of human resource management, which is an important aspect for the success of the firm. The research topic of this dissertation is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Investigate the impact of Remuneration to motivate employees in the Fast Food Industry: A Case Study of McDonaldà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Remuneration is one of the main tools to appraise the performances of the employees, which ultimately motivates them to work with zeal and enthusiasm. This topic is mainly focused that managers uses remuneration as a tool of motivation. Case study of McDonalds will help to evaluate the importance of remuneration as an important tool for managers to motivate employees. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Remuneration As A Managers Tool To Motivation" essay for you Create order Introduction Remuneration is directly or indirectly one of the mainsprings of the motivation in the society. A well defined compensation system leads to motivate the employees, which further leads to increase productivity (Chi and Han 2008). This research study mainly focuses on the relationship between remuneration and motivation. Yermack (2004) has asserted in his study that all the business organizations act like a profit maximization institution, so they put their efforts to improve performance of its employees by motivating them. This motivation ultimately helps the organizations to increase productivity level. Work motivation is interrelated with job satisfaction. Money often is looked upon as a means of fulfilling the most basic needs of man. These needs are made available through the purchasing power provided by monetary income: remuneration and salary of individual (Stajkovic and Luthans 2003). According to different motivation theories, such as Maslowà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s Need Hierarchy, Two factor theory given by Herzbergà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s, McGregorà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s theory X and theory Y, Achievement Theory, Taylorà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s Motivational Theory, etc. Money is one of the main sources to persuade the behaviour of an individual towards his organization and work productivity (Wheeler 2008). Thus, it is necessary for the corporate executives or managers to be aware with the economical and social background of employees to offer good remunerations as per their talent and skills and motivate them to work. The general meaning of remuneration is the basic salary or pay of an employee, but in the broader sense, remuneration comprises salary, fringe benefits, com pensation, bonus, commissions, employee stock option, etc. (Guedri and Hollandts 2008). In the current business scenario, managing and motivating human resources has become a complicated task. In this highly changing and competitive environment, remuneration is one of the main tools for the manager to improve the productivity of the employees, to attract competent personnel, to retain present employees, to reduce the rate of absents and employee turnover, to manage job sequences, to strengthen union management relationships, to improve public image of the company, etc. (Perry, Mesch and Paarlberg 2006). This research study would target the remuneration procedure in fast food industry of the United States of America, by using McDonalds, worldà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s number one fast food restaurant. Presently, the structure of fast food industry has become complicated and its success is mainly dependent upon the qualified and talented employees, who are able to understand the changing needs and requirements of the customers. Competitive pressure and environmental changes has increased the importance of motivational practices for managers to boost the performance of the employees. This dissertation will focus on the issue that how managers of McDonalds use remuneration practices to motivate the employees and creating competitive advantages in the industry. Additionally, this dissertation will also discuss the interrelationship between remuneration and motivation with the help of different motivation theories. Research Aims and Objectives During this research work, the researcher would examine the need and importance of motivation tools for the managers and how remuneration would help the managers to motivate employees in McDonalds. The main objectives, which are coming out of this research, are as follow: ? The foremost objective of this dissertation is to identify the impact of remuneration practices on the performance of the employees in the fast food industry. ? Second objective of this research study is to identify the relationship between remuneration and motivation, on the basis of different motivational theories. ? Next objective is to understand the remuneration practices and procedures used by managers in McDonalds to motivate the employees. ? Another objective of this research dissertation is to compare performances of employees in McDonalds with its rival companies to identify the importance of and advantages remuneration to motivate the employees. ? Additionally, suggesting different strategies and practices to compensate employees as per remuneration act is also one of the main objectives of this study. Background Information McDonalds is one of the biggest fast food family restaurants, which operates in more than 120 countries and serve more than 47 million customers in a day (McDonalds: About Company, 2010). It doles out some of the favourite foods all around the world like World Famous French Fries, Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, Chicken McNuggets and Egg McMuffin. Success of the firm is highly dependent upon its HRM practices and efforts put by its managers and employees. All the HR policies of the companies are defined very clearly for the benefit of all stakeholders. The main aim of the HRM department of the company is to offer best services to the customers by ensuring that the company has skilled, motivated and committed employees. Remuneration practices used by the firm are also very good and effective and based on various motivational theories. Remuneration is not a new concept for the business organizations. In the corporate world, all the members from owner to lower level employees work for money. Not only in MNCs but also in small shops, everybody wants high remuneration and financial incentives to fulfil their basic needs, thus, it is necessary to work hard to improve the productivity of the employees and earn more money (Yermack 2004). Corporate world has become competitive, in this concern, top executive and managers uses management practices and motivational theories to enhance the skills and productivity of the employees and earn high money. Thus, fair remuneration practise are used by the managers. This creates a feeling of satisfaction among employees to fulfil their needs (Chi and Han 2008). According to the assumptions of motivation, compensation and incentive is direct tool to motivate employees. Managers in McDonalds have taken a complete overview of this concept and motivate employees by offering good remuneration and performance incentives. Presently, companies are following the system of paying for performance. Qualification and experience are also important but work performance enables employees to get good remuneration (Perry, Mesch and Paarlberg 2006). For example, if a marketing manager is highly qualified but he is not able to conduct a market research effectively and his working output is very low, company would not give a high remuneration and other financial incentives to him. On the other hand, if a sales executive has average qualification and he serve more number of customers by showing his abilities and maintaining good relations with them; he would be definitely promoted by the company and would get monetary rewards also (Wheeler 2008). Thus, it is very clear that money matters for all the employees, whether they are at high position or belongs to middle and lower levels. Remuneration requires by all the employees to fulfil their basic needs and non-monetary and monetary rewards and compensation are also given by the firm to develop job satisfaction and control the rate of employee turnover (Guedri and Hollandts 2008). Thus, this research study would focus on McDonalds, which has effective HR and compensation policies to pay its employees and motivate them to put their best efforts to achieve the goals and objectives of the firm. Literature Review Motivation is a process to push employees towards some work in order to satisfy a need. Most of people work to reach some specified goals. It is the reason that motivation is goal-directed drive that causes to person to act. Mathis and Jackson (2008) defined that need, desire; want and drive all are similar to motivation. They described that understanding of motivation is important for organizations as reaction to compensation. Compensation and motivation are directly proportional to each other (Ajila and Abiola 2004). Performance of employees, rate of absenteeism and turnover are affected by motivation and remuneration and also influenced to motivation. Managers can use different motivational tools to motivate their employees and remuneration is one of main tools among all of them. Remuneration can be defined as the monetary motivation tool that influences the behaviour of employees towards work (Armstrong, Murlis and Group 2007). In the words of Perry, Mesch and Paarlberg (2006) each employee should receive a general compensation for their efforts, role and responsibilities followed by him in the company. Before deciding a form and amount of remuneration, several considerations are there such as general economic climate, specific business condition, cost-of living and worker qualification and productivity that a firm must consider (Carraher 2011). Different authors described about the relationship between remuneration and motivation. In order to support this relationship, Mathis and Jackson (2008) stated that remuneration is different from motivation and it is related with Herzbergà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s hygiene factors. Remuneration include s several things such as bonuses, commission, salary, fringe benefits such as pensions, holiday entitlement. The study of Chapman and Kelliher (2011) represent that employees motivation does not only come from decision mix (amount of pay) of an organization policy but also it comes from the understanding of individuals. The remuneration of an employee depends on several factors such as basic needs, psychological needs, social needs, performance of individual, productivity, profitability return, etc. (Khan, Farooq and Ullahb 2010). In favour of this, Kmiotek and Lewicka (2008) stated that effective motivation does not only involves proper implementation of remuneration policy but also involves some other motivators such as organization of work, HR development and training, performance management tools, performance appraisal, etc. According to the HR experts, creation of effective reward system is necessary to motivate employees but there is a need of good and enthusiastic managers, who can drive people towards good performance. In order to create an effective motivation process, it is necessary that there should be an appropriate remuneration policy for employees (Kubr 2002). According to Ajila and Abiola (2004) there are two types of rewards such as intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic rewards are related with the rewards that are natural with job. This reward is achieved by individuals when they successfully achieve their own objectives. On the other hand, extrinsic rewards are outside the job such as working condition, security, promotion, working environment and service contact. Presently, in order to motivate employees, both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards should be a part of remuneration policy. It is also well discussed that individuals effectively work to the extent for the job, which provides them remuneration if they are intrinsically motivated. In contrast to this, if people are extrinsically motivated, they effectively work to the extent by which they can attain external rewards from the job (Chapman and Kelliher 2011). Thus, it can be concluded that if the remuneration is intrinsic to the job, desire for motivation is also intrinsic or if the remuneration is extrinsic to the job, desire for motivation is also extrinsic to the job (Ajila and Abiola 2004). Perry, Mesch and Paarlberg (2006) stated in their research study that in this new government era, in order to increase the performance and productivity of the employees, managers should adopt good remuneration policies. This will ultimately help the business organizations to offer quality services and products to the customers (Maxwell 2008). It is the reason that most of employers now use remuneration policies to attract, motivate, retain and satisfy employees. It is founded through different research that performance-based remuneration motivates employees to work hard (Ajila and Abiola 2004). The study of Khan, Farooq and Ullahb (2010) support the arguments of Ajila and Abiola (2004) and said that in an effective rewards system, there are several factors that influences the performance of employees such as basic remuneration, bonus, incentives, fringe benefits, monetary and non monetary rewards, commission, etc. All these factors are good sources to boost the performance of the employees. Carraher (2011) defined that remuneration helps in developing strong relationship between employers and employees. It is founded by researchers that employees motivate through different monetary remuneration and an effective remuneration helps in reducing absenteeism, turnover intentions, provides organizational attractiveness to different job seekers and also helps in increasing employeesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ job performance (Kmiotek and Lewicka 2008). It has been stated by Guedri and Hollandts (2008) in their study that managers in different organizations consider remuneration as a major factor that helps in increasing productivity of employees. Remuneration is an important tool that focuses on motivating employeesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ performance and behaviour. The study of Employee retention and organizational performance (2011) also support the views of Carraher (2011) and asserted, it is necessary that there must be appropriate rewards in order to satisfy and motivate employees. In contrast to both Carraher (2011) and Employee retention and organizational performance (2011), Mathis and Jackson (2008) said that other factors such as job itself, participation, appropriate feedbacks, morale and discipline are more important than remuneration that impact on remuneration. According to Blythe (2005), in the present competitive environment, job satisfaction is more important than money, thus, manager should concentrate on all non-monetary factors, promotions, health insurance, rewards systems, etc. Zyl (2010) has stated in his research study that there is a positive relation between labour productivity and employee remuneration, which is also supported by Carraher (2011). It is the reason that greater the employee remuneration, higher the level of labour productivity. Several reasons support this fact such as if an organization adopts more differentiate remuneration, it will enhance the human efforts and a higher remuneration structure also enhances the productivity of employees (Montana and Charnov 2008). At the same time Zyl (2010) also assesrted that if gaps between employee remuneration is regularly increase, it would ultimately increases gap and convert positive relations between employeesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ performance and remuneration into negative. There are several reasons such as if it is filled by employees that their real remuneration is less than the fair remuneration, it can cause for negative relationship. Kubr (2002) Stated that an effective remuneration system does not only enhance the performance of people, who are already working well but also it is used to enhances the performance of people who are not performing well. Remuneration play an important role in motivating employees but different employeesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ motivate through different factors. An effective remuneration package includes several elements. These elements are as below: First, element is salary that includes different things such as pay, commission, profit related pay and share dividends. Second element is related with different facilities such as insurance, healthcare schemes and pension. Other elements are availability of discounts on companiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ product and service for employees and subsidiary for meals and accommodation (Kubr 2002). Salais and Villeneuve (2004) support, Kubr (2002) and said that remuneration is a better tool to motivate employees for better performance. There are three basic remuneration components such as bonuses, basic pay and profit-sharing schemes that influence the performance of employees. Armstrong, Murlis and Group (2007) described about the effectiveness of remuneration as a mean of motivation such as: ? In order to motivate employees through remuneration, it is necessary that remuneration should be equitable and externally competitive. ? Contribution systems and pay for performance system are created on the basis and understanding that directs that motivation is only takes place when the rewards are worthwhile. ? Each employee understands about the workings of financial reward system and about the benefits that is provided by it. They also know about the skills and competences of remuneration system (Murlis and Hay Group 2007). In the fast food industry, remuneration is an important part that managers use to motivate employees and enhance their productivity level. In contrast to this statement Schlosser (2001) defined that if there are lack of secure employment and good wages in fast food organization, managers use à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½team spirit in order to motivate employees by saying that, if one employee is arriving late and do not work hard, it also affects the performance of their friends as well as their co-workers. It also helps in motivating employees, so that they can improve their performanceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. It has been also defined that employees work only to increase their profits and this is the reason that if organizations provide more remuneration to the employees, it helps in generating more output (Wales and Reaich 2004). Development of an employee is directly proportional to the development of the organization. If the remuneration is directly related with work performance, employee will work hard. It is the reason that most of managers use remuneration to motivate employees. Managers clearly stated in their organizations policies that if employees work hard they can earn higher profits and it is the reason that employees are motivated through this policy. Good return and high profit will allow the organizations to hare the profit with employees, thus they should work hard to get good remuneration (Yermack 2004). Zyl (2010) has been also found in their research that if employees are motivated through remuneration, there are two positive effects of this such as it helps in reducing the labour turnover from organizations and it also helps in enhancing the more salary and good working environment. Thus, it is fact that it helps in generating a productive team of efficient and talented people for the enterprise (Wales and Reaich 2004). According to them remuneration as a managerial tool to motivate employees is important for several reasons. These reasons are as below: ? Remuneration is a tool to impartial measurement of different employees. It is because if employees get more facility instead of money, it does not motivate employees to work harder. ? With the increment in salary, employees can maintain their honour, prestige and ensure economic security (Wales and Reaich 2004). ? They also argued that remuneration is a more efficient motivating factor as it can easily increase or decrease according to the proportion of work. ? Remuneration also helps in increasing the self-confidence of employees that further helps in improving the standard of living (Wales and Reaich 2004). Thus, finally it has been concluded in many research studies that remuneration is an important tool that several managers use to increase the performance of their employees. Justification of the Study This research study has its own significance to understand importance of remuneration for the business firms to improve the performances of employees and for the individuals to fulfil their desires. Although this research topic is related with the HRM but it has a broad significance in the society. Remuneration means salary and pay that is paid by employers to its employees. Money is the foremost sources for the well living of individuals, which help them to fulfil their basic needs. Presently, innovations and changes in the economical, social and technological environment have enhanced the living standard of individuals (Mathis and Jackson 2008). Money allows them to enjoy a lavish life and raise their social standard, thus, this research topic is very much beneficial for the managers to understand that how remuneration practices enables them to motivate employees to work with zeal and enthusiasm. The main reason behind selecting the fast food industry and McDonalds is the popularity. Growth and success of fast food industry attract individuals to earn good remuneration. McDonalds provide good remuneration to its employees, who develop high level of job satisfaction among the employees; thus, this example would provide valid and true information. Although job satisfaction and enrichment is also important for the development of the employees, but money has also its own importance. This research study would be beneficial for all kinds of firms such as international, MNCs, small and medium size firms, to improve the productivity of the employees. Managers would also able to understand the significance of remuneration tool to boost the morale of employees and motivate them to achieve the goals on time. Research methodology Research methodology can be discussed as a systematic process, which assists researchers to collect, organize, record, and evaluate the data and information to resolve the problem and draw a valid and reliable conclusion (Bordens 2006). Selection of research methodology is a significant task for the researcher. In order to select suitable methodology, firstly, researcher would use appropriate approach. Research Approach: There are mainly two kinds of research approaches inductive and deductive. Inductive Research Approach: In this kind of research, theories are developed according to the situation or problem (Crowther and Lancaster 2008). All these theories enable the researcher to explain data and information. This is very flexible in nature and based on bottom up approach. In this kind of approach, researcher evaluates a main concept and generalizes this view as per the research problem. It is related to the interpretivism point of view (Gill and Johnson 2002). On the other hand, this kind of research approach also involves some extent of uncertainty. Deductive Research Approach: Deductive research approach is mainly based on the positivism paradigm. In this kind of approach, research develops theories and hypothesis and tests these theories with the help of empirical observations. This approach is top to bottom approach in which researcher evaluates general views to reach at specific situation (Hyde 2000). The suitable research approach for this study would be inductive because this research focuses on the specific areas of human resource management, which are remuneration and employees motivation. Both of these concepts have their own significance in the success of a company as well as individuals. Thus, this research approach is more appropriate to explore the effectiveness of remuneration to motivate the employees and improve their productivity (Burke 2007). Deductive research approach would not be used because HRM has not given any kind of theory to defined remuneration. Basically, this is a pay given by companies to the employees for their job performance that can be used to develop a hypothesis for the research study. Appropriate Research Methodology: There are numerous research methodologies such as theoretical, applied, analytical, descriptive and empirical. Selection of research methodology would be based on the nature of research problem. In order to select the appropriate research method, it is essential to understand the nature of the research problem. The suitable research methodology for this research topic would be descriptive and applied research methodology. The main reason behind choosing this methodology is its advantage of identifying population characteristics (number of employees to collect primary data) in McDonalds to understand the impotence of remuneration to motivate employees and develop feeling of job satisfaction among them. It is a flexible methodology in which researcher uses several variables and lot of information to solve the problem or to achieve research objectives. It has flexible nature, which comprises both qualitative and quantitative research process (Cooper and Schindler 2007). We are not using other research methodologies because they are not appropriate for this study. In theoretical research, there is lack of experimental analysis and in analytical research there is a restriction of theoretical background (Goddard and Melville 2004). On the other hand, empirical research methodology is highly based on observation and field data rather than theoretical. Thus all these methodologies are not well appropriate for this study. In descriptive and applied research methodologies, the research got a chance to use both concepts and observational method. Both of these methods are also beneficial to manage cost and time (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger 2005). Data Collection Method to collect Primary and Secondary Data: After deciding research approaches and methodologies, appropriate data collection method would also be selected. In order to investigate impact of remuneration and different motivational tools on the performance of employees in McDonalds, we would focus on two different types of methods. Primary research and secondary research are two different types. In order to complete this research study, the propose research types are primary as well as secondary. Primary research type comprises observations, survey and interviews through questionnaires, whereas secondary research methods comprises evaluation of reliable academic articles and published studies that are previously done by other researchers (Scruggs and Mastropieri 2006). Questionnaire can be defined as a set of some important questions that are related to the research problem. In order to collect primary data, a set of questionnaire would be used to conduct a survey process. Some well defined questions would be e-mailed to the participants in the form of questionnaire, so that it will be easy for the researcher to get back the responses of participants and carry out the research study in a systematic way. This is a suitable way to collect important qualitative data, which comprises low cost and also free from discrimination (Stead 2001). On the other hand, this research methodology has also some restrictions such as dully filled questionnaires, lack of reliability on data, low rate of return, etc. This kind of research strategy can be used only in the situation when the participants are well educated and collaborates (Bordens 2006). In case of this research study, the research would target the employees of McDonalds, who are well qualified and experienced to understand the importance of research topic for their personal, social and organizational welfare. In order to minimize the chances of discrimination, an observation methodology would also used. The information gathered by researcher at his personal level would be observed through graphical and tabular presentation to manage the thematic analysis (Crowther and Lancaster 2008). In order to collect secondary data and information variety of academic journal would be analyzed after assessing their credibility. Most of the portion of this research study would be based on the secondary data. Primary data would be used for a limited extent because it is really difficult to select appropriate participants and contact with all the participants for their valid and reliable response. By using secondary data and information, it would be easy for the researcher to enhance the credibility of the research (Cooper and Schindler 2007). Apart from research articles, companies report, different case studies would also be used. The researcher philosophy for this study would interpretive, which provide subjective reasoning according to the secondary data and real life examples (Scruggs and Mastropieri 2006). Justification of Research Methodology Both primary and secondary research methods are used to collect data, which are questionnaire, observation and review of academic journals. All these methodologies would be beneficial for this study to find the real facts and figures. According to the inductive research approach and descriptive and applied research methodologies, these are absolutely suitable strategies for this dissertation. The main aim of the researcher is to understand the impact of remuneration and motivational practices on employee performances by minimizing the errors, thus all these strategies would be beneficial to reach at the valid conclusion (Silverman 2004). Survey through questionnaire and observation method has many advantages and it is very much useful for the researcher to understand the real life situations to achieve the objectives of this research study. Survey through questionnaire is a very efficient technique to collect data and information from a large number of populations. In this research study, researcher has selected a small sample size, which gives an idea to him for the large population, thus both survey and observation methodology would be appropriate (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger 2005). It is valid and reliable research methodology, through which research can study beliefs, attitude and behavior of employees and managers due to different remuneration packages. In questionnaire and observation method, extent of subjectivity and discrimination is limited. On the other hand, secondary research method enables researcher to evaluate the subjectivity of the research topic. Ethical Consideration In order to conduct any research study, it is necessary for the researcher to concentrate on the research ethics and integrity. Without ethics and integrity, research study has no value. This research study would also be conducted on ground of ethical boundaries, which ultimately help the researcher to achieve consistent and dependable result. Following ethics in research also shows the concern and responsibility of the researcher towards society and corporate environment (Resnik n.d.). The researcher would develop a code of ethics with the help of corporate lawyer. The researcher would establish ethical guidelines according to the law and regulations. Conducting an unethical research will ultimately lead confusions for the society and readers, which would waste the effort and hard work of the researcher (Ethics in Research 2010). The code of ethics would lead surety about the safety and security of data and information. The researcher would ensure the participants that he would not disclose their personal and professionals information. Researcher, his team and all the participants would follow integrity, honesty and dependability to conclude and authentic result. The researcher will record all the information to in hard copies and soft copies to by accessing passwords and security codes (Resnik n.d.). Researcher would follow non-discrimination practices to collect and evaluate primary and secondary data. Possible information sources In order to collect secondary data to accomplish the research and achieve the objectives, different sources would be used by the researcher. These sources are academic journal articles, books, authentic and academic web sources, company websites, different database sources such as Willey, JSTOR, EBCOHost, Emerald, etc. All these database sources would provide recent and reliable journal and academic articles. Potential difficulties and Research Limitations All the potential difficulties of the research cannot be foreseen but some highlighted difficulties are the time and cost constraints. Successful completion of this research study is also associated with some limitations. All these limitation can consider difficulties to conduct research effectively. Survey through questionnaire and observation methods need enough time to give valid conclusion. It may be possible that research have limited time to collected data (Cooper and Schindler 2007). Budget and cost limitations are also a problem for the researcher to use effective tools and technologies. Observational method needs effective techniques and budget limit would be a problem for the researcher. Lack of ability to analyze authentic data will also be a limitation for the successful accomplishment of the research. Data Analysis and Findings Data analysis and finding are also one of the important steps of a research study. With the help of research methodology and strategies, data would be collect. In order to analyze this data, research would accomplish a thematic framework analysis. This thematic analysis would be based on posteriori and priori themes. Both of these themes would enable the research to give a valid result and conclusion of this research topic. Schedule or time scale Appendix A would provide a time scale for this research study.

An Exploration On Identification Of Malady And Organic...

ABSTRACT: An exploration on identification of malady and organic product evaluating is helpful for agribusiness and ranchers. By distinguishing kind of sickness in foods grown from the ground evaluating of natural product taking into account its quality. For discovery of illness obliged diverse elements of products of the soil characterized these elements. For organic product reviewing section the picture after division figure contaminated and solid part of foods grown from the ground in light of rate of disease on natural product. This paper speaks to diverse components for organic product, distinctive classifier for infection recognition and distinctive division procedures for natural product reviewing procedure. Additionally gives outline of diverse shading strategies, distinctive composition procedures and distinctive classifier all with its benefits and bad marks. Keywords: features, color feature, texture feature, different classifier, fruit grading, segmentation techniques INTRODUCTION India has a second rank in the creation of organic product. So organic products assume imperative part for ranchers furthermore for horticulture. There are numerous applications related with picture handling for agribusiness. Like gathering, evaluating, distinguishing harm and ailment, plant development checking are as under: Naturally evaluating of organic products for oil new organic product bundles and strawberry. Computing the extent of products of the soil readiness ofShow MoreRelatedAn Exploration On Identification Of Malady And Organic Product1702 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract An exploration on identification of malady and organic product evaluating is helpful for agribusiness and ranchers. By distinguishing kind of sickness in foods grown from the ground evaluating of natural product taking into account its quality. For discovery of illness obliged diverse elements of products of the soil characterized these elements. For organic product reviewing section the picture after division figure contaminated and solid part of foods grown from the groundRead MorePlant Disease And Control Strategies For Plant Diseases Essay4993 Words   |  20 Pages ABSTRACT This topic presents disease of plant. The name of the disease is citrus canker which is bacterial disease. Firstly, Citrus Canker, cancrosis A, brought about by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, is a damaging problem of such products as grapefruit, sweet orange and tangelo. In any case, satsuma mandarin, Ponkan and Hassaku orange are impervious to the problem. Resistance of citrus species to ulcer, considering inalienable as well as obtained attributes. Secondly, This essay givesRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. 158 Methods of Departmentalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 x Contents Customer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesand Modeling for Complex World, First Edition Stevenson, Operations Management, 10th Edition Swink, Melnyk, Cooper, and Hartley, Managing Operations Across the Supply Chain, First Edition Thomke, Managing Product and Service Development: Text and Cases, First Edition Ulrich and Eppinger, Product Design and Development, Fourth Edition Zipkin, Foundations of Inventory Management, First Edition QUANTITATIVE METHODS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE Hillier and Hillier, Introduction to Management Science: A ModelingRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagessystems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United

The Effect of Computer in Our Daily Lives Free Essays

Why Do They Fail? Statistics show that most people who begin high school finish. Some drop out, of course, but approximately three-quarters earn a diploma. At the post-secondary level, however, fewer than two-thirds of the students complete their program of study. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Computer in Our Daily Lives or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why do so many college and university students drop out? Knowing the factors that prevent students from completing their post-secondary programs may prove crucial to you regardless of whether you are presently a college student or thinking of becoming one. Most educators agree that the principal causes of failure are lack of basic skills, lack of study skills, and lack of motivation. A firm grasp of basic skills—what are termed the three Rs: reading, writing, and arithmetic—is a must for college or university work. Not only are texts and research material more difficult to understand than they were in high school, but also the quantity of required reading is greater. The ability to express oneself clearly in standard written English is essential; garbled essays, ungrammatical reports, or poorly spelled and punctuated papers will be routinely failed by instructors, regardless of the ideas the writer may think he is expressing. Similarly, mathematical skills are essential to a student’s success in many post-secondary programs. Business, science, technology, and some applied arts programs require sound computational skills. Post-secondary students who lack these basic skills often find little remedial help available and little instructor tolerance for poor work; hence, they fall behind and drop out. How to cite The Effect of Computer in Our Daily Lives, Essay examples

Effective Communication Challenges and Ways

Question: Discuss about the Effective Communication for Challenges and Ways. Answer: Introduction: Communication is the soul of any organization. In fact, it is the living organism like oxygen for human beings. It is a vital link which connects with all the stakeholders. The information and communication technology (ICT) has compelled the business firms to review, redefine the strategies from sustainability development point of view. It is badly required to perform various functions and manage daily activities effectively. Advertising, marketing, client interactions, product and process updates, sales and distribution etc. are possible through the skilful usage of communication cycle. It is equally important not only to build customer relationships but to strengthen them on long-term basis. Effective communication facilitates the firms to keep updated and up-graded in terms of market trends and dynamics (Smith, 2005a). It is more visible and significant to understand the customer satisfaction. Routine Requests: Jessicas email is the best example to analyse the communication process from readers point of view. There are few areas of improvement identified for Jessica looking at her email sample. It doesnt convey the nature of request at all. Secondly, she could have thought before writing an email in terms of purpose, the outline, format, approach (inductive or deductive), familiarity etc. It is certainly possible to reframe the lengthy sentences and make them short and meaningful. Here, two things need to be focused as a part of request. They are technical assistance and how-to-reach directions (Smith, 2005b). Purpose-based, clear, meaningful message coined with logical sequence would have left long-lasting impact by Jessica. Process of Planning Preparing the Messages: As a sender of the message, one needs to be very careful and cautious while preparing the message to communicate with others. There are few factors which must be taken care of. They are purpose, medium, channel. In addition, knowing the audience is simply the priority. Their level of understanding, age factor, educational, socio-economic background, willingness are key factors in terms of external communication while internal communication has attitude, mood, area of interest, highlighting the concerned areas, moderate tone are essential. Corporate world cannot be imagined without following the code of conduct. In fact, it is the blood of entrepreneurs. Organizational and business values like integrity underline the implications of ethical communication (Conrad, Poole 2005). Compliance and other relevant activities are aligned with ethical communication. It is worth to understand how the process of communication works in the business environment, at the workplace. Both the employees and customers are the valuable assets. It is important to handle them with care. The product manufacturers, service-providers own the responsibility to provide required information. The staff must be trained on developing effective and meaningful messages to target the customers (Shein, 2010b). The elements like Sender, Receiver, Encoding/Decoding, Feedback, possibility of Noise must be taken into account. It is essential to develop readers point of view for better results and positive responses. An Interoffice Memorandum to Deliver Bad News Message: Sometimes, organizations go through the struggling phase. A number of factors affect the business. If the strategies dont work effectively, the complete business suffers. As a result, some hard decisions are taken by thought leaders (Charteris-Black, 2007). To bid a farewell could be one of them. It is a bad news. However, the sender needs to deal with communication with the help of emotional intelligence being sensitive matter. To deliver the message of bad news to the customers is a challenging task. The sender can take help of sympathy, empathy, compassion by admitting their feelings. It is badly required to soften the blow and minimize the intensity. The interpersonal skills will help you a lot in such situations. Validity, authenticity will really matter. I would prefer to share such bad news with my friends and relatives who are working in the field of software development and testing. This is because I will make them aware about the present conditions. It will certainly help them to prepare mentally. In fact, it is how disasters can be managed. Our networking and interpersonal skills will help to find the jobs available in the market. One can learn how to overcome such challenges in our life with minimum losses. Context-Based Communication: Communication may be internal, external; formal, informal; technical; intrapersonal, interpersonal; upward, downward and so on. The widely used forms are verbal, non-verbal and written communication. Business meetings, face-to-face conversations, telephonic talks, video-conferencing and live interactions with people are considered as a part of verbal communication. The scope of non-verbal communication is huge when it comes to deal with people on one-to-one basis. It is highly important to develop a strong network with all the stakeholders (Shein, 2010a). Non-verbal communication makes you the best communicator in order to influence people in your favour to the great extent. One can consider people acceptance in this regard. For example, sales presentation or job interviews are the best opportunities to convince people through effective body language showing confidence. etc. The best channel of Communication: Electronic mail is one of the best channels of communication. Social networking sites are used for promotional and branding activities, launching of new products, awareness programs etc. To manage various events an integrated approach is suitable with multiple channels of communication. It should be noted that the process of communication has various aspects involved in it. Hi-end technology has created new platforms to communicate effectively. The new and emerging markets have changed the ways of doing businesses. The digital and technical communication is preferred these days. This is because it is faster, affordable and widely accessible too (Miller, 2006). There are controversial views on the usage of technical communication. Some experts are of the opinion that emails have restricted the face-to-face interactions in at the workplace. This is true to certain extent. However, it should be noted that time is the constraint here. How to Avoid Pet Peeves? Lengthy, vague and general statements lead the receiver to the state of confusion. The readers loose the interest when overloaded or insufficient information is sent, shared. All of these waste the time, energy and money of enterprises with either less or no outcomes at the end of the day. Here, firms lose the golden opportunity to connect with the potential customers in spite of converting target potential customers as loyal customers. It is irritating for Sam to read sorry to bother you as pet peeving activity (Ince Gull, 2011). In other words, if you really make the life of people comfortable, solving their problems, issues than you need not to beg for mercy. Such remarks of pet peeves can be replaced with I need, I would appreciate if you could.., Would you like to.etc. They will be certainly positive and maintain neutral tone without any irritation for the readers like Sam. Written communication has its own place in different business backgrounds. First of all, it is treated as a legal form of business correspondences to maintain the records. Transparency, accuracy, professionalism and valid source of information make written communication unique and significant. It consists of emails, notices, circulars, memorandums, proposals, applications, orders, contracts, brochures, templates, manuals. Conclusion: Communication is used as a tool for coordination of multiple units, products and services, processes, departments, offices etc. It ensures the smooth flow of functioning to carry out assigned tasks the way we want. In organizational development, communication enables the management to achieve the goals within the stipulated time-frame. One hand, it helps to understand the expectations from employees or customers in the form of feedback which is valuable for business excellence. On the other hand, it is possible to set clear and right expectations from others too. In both ways, it is a win-win situation. Maslows Needs of Hierarchy will help to understand the diverse needs of people in offices, markets etc. In short, effective communication is the sum of purpose, context, need, knowing audience and ethics. References: Charteris-Black, J. (2007). The Communication of Leadership. The Design of Leadership Style. London and NY: Routledge. Christensen, L.T., Cornelissen, J. (2011). Bridging Corporate and Organizational Communication: Review, Development, and the Look to the Future. Management Communication Quarterly, 25, 3, 383-414. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0893318910390194 Conrad, Ch., Poole, M.S. (2005). Strategic Organizational Communication in a Global Economy. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. Eshraghi, H., Salehi, L. (2010). The Effect of Organizational Communications System on Interpersonal Conflict in Physical Education Offices of Isfahan Province, Iran. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 66, 683-688. Harris, T.E., Nelson, M.D. (2008). Applied Organizational Communication. NY, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ince, M., Gull, H. (2011). The Role of the Organizational Communication on Employees Perception of Justice: a Sample of Public Institution from Turkey. European Journal of Social Sciences, 21, 1, 106-124. Miller, K. (2006). Organizational Communication: Approaches and Process. Australia, Brazil: Thomson Wadsworth. Papa, M.J., Daniels, T.D., Spiker, B.K. (2008). Organizational Communication. Perspectives and Trends. Los Angeles, London: SAGE. Riel, C.B.M., Van Fombrun, Ch.J. (2007). Essentials of Corporate Communication. Abingdon: Routledge. Robbins, S.P., Judge, T. (2007). Essentials of Organizational Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Shein, E. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. A Wiley Imprint. Smith, L. (2005). Effective Internal Communication. London: Kogan Page.

Checks and Balances free essay sample

Balances, and government essay. The Constitution set forth a government composed of 3 branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Each branch was given certain powers over the others to ensure that no one branch has more power than any other. This system, known as checks and balances, was the main essential of government. The system of checks and balances represented the solution to the problem of how to empower the central government, yet protect against corruption. The President was granted the power to veto acts of Congress deemed unnecessary or unjust, and would be responsible for appointing federal and Supreme Court judges. The Senate had to ratify treaties proposed by the President, and had to approve the Presidents cabinet appointments. Congress as a joint body was given the power to impeach, try, and remove the President from office, as well as Supreme Court justices, should it become necessary. The judicial branch, headed by the Supreme Court, had the responsibility and power to interpret the laws passed by Congress. We will write a custom essay sample on Checks and Balances or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Constitution set forth a form of federalism that balanced the authority of the state and national governments. The state legislatures would elect the members of the Senate, as well as select delegates to the Electoral College, which selected the President. Furthermore, the Constitution could be amended by a vote in favor of amendment by three-fourths of the state legislatures. The writers of the Constitution intended to increase the power of the national government, but they were wary of taking too much power from the states. One debate that was resolved by the Constitution was that of whether slaves should be considered persons or property for reasons of representation. Southern delegates argued that slaves should count toward representative seats, whereas the representatives of northern states, most of which had already or would soon abolish slavery, argued that to count slaves as members of the population would grant an unfair advantage to the southern states. The result of this debate was the adoption of the Three-fifths Clause, which allowed three-fifths of all slaves to be counted as people. The Constitution further forbade any state to refuse to return run-away slaves to the states from which they came. Under the Constitution, Congress was permitted to ban the importation of slaves after 1808, but there was no explicit mention of the framers feelings about the legality of slavery. Once approved by the Constitutional Convention in 1787, the Constitution was sent to the states for ratification. 406 words 2552 characters

Tim Wolfe - Resignation Address free essay sample

Schools Safety Essays - Gun Politics In The United States

Schools Safety Essays - Gun Politics In The United States Cristal Williams, Anthony Moreno, Alex Adkins, Kelvin Burford, Rocio Terry RES/351 Preparing to Conduct Business Research Instructor: Said Nik-khah October 12, 2015 Schools Safety This paper will describe the selected issue of School Safety. There comes a time in everyone's life where they have heard of, dealt with, or come in contact with the issue of School Safety. In recent events, school safety is questioned because of gun violence. There have been many school shootings that put school safety at great risk. This week, the nation was once again shocked, as a gunman killed nine at a community college in Oregon. It's the uniquely American gun paradox: how can something so horrifying be so routine? As a somber bordering on disgusted President Obama noted: "We've become numb to this." In truth, this isn't everyday violence it's more than every day. In the 274 days of 2015, we've had 294 mass shootings, and 986 since Sandy Hook in 2012. The question is, when will our level of disgust be high enough that we do what's needed to lower the body count? "If you think this is a problem," said the president, "then you should expect your elected officials to reflect your views." Until that happens, he said, we all bear a share of the blame: "We collectively are answerable to those families who lose their loved ones because of our inaction." Will we rise to the challenge? (School Shootings, 2015). The issues that many of these public schools face is the lack of implemented safety precautions such as not having enough or any metal detectors in site, some schools may not have a resource officer on duty, a better security plan and protocol, not having enough parenting presence which has confirmed in the past few years, that many of those parents of children and adolescent with mental and behavioral issues were not aware of their children committing such massacres like the one in Sandy Hook and Columbine High School. Lastly, better gun laws and education, these continue to remain an issue that has led to those recent school shootings. The magnitude of finding the right solution to the ongoing school safety when it comes to the recent school shootings is by identifying a better type of control over the gun issue that starts with the following. The United States Supreme Court is facing an extremely important, however, delicate subject when it comes to the gun laws in America. As we contemplate the deaths of young children at Sandy Hook, of movie-goers in Aurora, of those at prayer in Oak Creek, of those meeting with their elected officials in Tucson, of the 30,000 annual deaths from gun violence in this country, we need to ask ourselves what it will take to achieve effective public health strategies to end this bloody epidemic. In the past few years, states have seen historic and unprecedented progress in adopting gun laws to help keep communities safe from gun violence. A total of 99 new laws strengthening gun regulations have passed in 37 states nationwide since December 12, 2012, and ten states have made major overhauls to their gun laws. 2014 was a remarkable year for smart gun laws, with California's Gun Violence Restraining Order Law, Washington State's successful ballot initiative for universal background checks, and seven states adopting legislation to keep guns out of the hands of domestic violence abusers. However, the single biggest gap in our nation's gun laws is the lack of a background check requirement when an unlicensed individual sells a gun. Unlike licensed gun dealers, unlicensed "private" sellers are not required to conduct background checks on gun purchasers. This gap allows thousands of dangerous people, including convicted felons, domestic abusers, and the dangerously mentally ill, to acquire guns every year, even though they are legally ineligible to possess them. There are two major federal laws that regulate firearm ownership and sales. The National Firearms Act of 1934 restricts civilians from owning automatic weapons, short-barreled shotguns, hand grenades, and other powerful arms. The Gun Control Act of 1968 focuses on commerce. It prohibits mail-order sales of weapons and requires anyone in the business of selling guns to be federally licensed and keep permanent sales records. It also prohibits knowingly selling

Pros and Cons of Tariffs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pros and Cons of Tariffs - Essay Example It is evident from the study that tariffs help governments reduce competition from foreign companies to allow more opportunities for the growth of domestic industries and increased employment opportunities. As the government imposes a tax on imported goods, the foreign suppliers find it hard to supply to the locals. Thus, domestic producers receive a favorable price for their products and services since the market is unsaturated with goods. The local producers also produce and sell large quantities since the demand is high among the local market. Consequently, they become motivated to provide more products and services, thereby leading to economic growth and loyalty to domestic products. Tariffs may thus enable job retention and creation since local businesses will grow to an extent of employing more people to handle their goods and services. Governments also impose tariffs on imported and exported products as one of the sources of revenue. The taxes help the government to support it s many activities and functions. In fact, approximately 2% of the total government revenue comes from customs duties and taxes. Hence, imposing duties on exports and imports allow the government to fund economic developmental projects. Such projects include building of infrastructures like roads, maintaining social amenities, establishing and maintaining institutions, and paying public workers. Consequently, local businesses and foreign companies will find it easy to set up and conduct business operations in the country. They enable the country to spearhead the economic development and attract investments both from within and outside.

Book Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Book Report - Assignment Example McCarthy observed how some of the state’s top and influential people and their children had shamelessly betrayed America. He contends how â€Å"young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been worst†¦.† Therefore, according to McCarthy, the state government â€Å"is thoroughly infested with communists† (238). This was like allowing the adversary to invade the state via â€Å"dealing with a far more sinister type of activity because it permitted the enemy to guide and shape our policy† (p. 238). This has led to inequality, especially among those participating in legal processes, which is evident in the McCarthy’s argument where initially he claims to have a list of 205 traitors in the government; during his speech, however, the number turns to be 57 people. Besides, power concentration has acted as a freedom barrier where few people, despite their sobriety, manipulate it, which limits the liberty of the population. For instance, this is evident in the President Kennedy’s statement: â€Å"ask not what the country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country† (256). This implies that â€Å"Neither half of the statement expresses a relation between the citizen and his government that is worthy of the ideals of the free men in a free society† (256). This affirms how the people are the state’s servants while the beneficiaries constitute few persons who are influential and capable of manipulating power to suit their interests. Free people normally utilize the government as a tool where individuals, despite their status, normally unite as compatriots for the benefit of all, which is safeguarding their freedom. Therefore, a free man usually inquires â€Å"what can I and my compatriots do through gov ernment to help us discharge our individual responsibilities, to achieve our several goals and purposes, and above all, to protect our freedom?†

A History of Dance Through the Ages

A History of Dance Through the Ages Dance and communications How dancers have related and communicated with their environment throughout  time. Please write about the change of dance and communications using examples  of primitive and tribal communities, and throughout biblical societies, to the  present day how this form of spiritual and natural form of communication with  a connection to the natural environment and (the divine) has been lost due to  Industrialisation and become a commercial form of communication. (Add aspects of  dance as a healing method and dance and communications). ABSTRACT This project carries out an investigation on how dancers have related and communicated with the environment throughout time. The importance of dance in religious and magical gatherings is probably older than its use for recreation and entertainment. There is little doubt in many scholars mind that for the primitive man, dance was integrated in everyday activity expressing every kind of conceivable emotion; from the hunter dancing around his prey, to the prospect of war against another tribe and to the ritual ceremonies performed in dedication to the Gods. It was only as a result of when more difficult social and economic structure; (invasions and urbanisation) did dance become commercialised as a source of entertainment. Table of Contents (Jump to) CHAPTER 1:   Introduction Project Aims Project Objectives CHAPTER 2: History of Dance Dance Dance in the Bible Ancient Egypt Ancient Greek Mythology The Christian era Oriental Dancing Ancient Belly Dancing Evaluation of Ancient Dance CHAPTER 3: Tribal Dance Kerala Bangladesh Tribal Dance Anlo-Ewe Tribe The Sun Dance ABAKUA Tribes in existence today CHAPTER 4: Development of Dance Muslim Influence The Gypsy Movement Shugendo and nomai Dance Persian Heritage Black Dance Australian Dance CHAPTER 5: Effects of industrialisation Africa Changes in Western Societies CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 Project Aims History shows that dance was used as an expression of how our ancestors would communicate with the divine. It was used as a fundamental part of life in healing, worship, family and connection to the natural environment. The use of dance in religious and magical gatherings is probably older than its use for recreation and entertainment. Research has shown through ancient archaeological findings how dance was an essential part of everyday life. It was only when industrialisation and urbanisation emerged did it now became a commercial form of communication. The aim of this project is to investigate how dance was used as a method of communication throughout biblical societies, to this present day using primitive and tribal communities as examples. This project explores the history of dance from ancient to modem and how dance has changed dramatically due to industrialisation, highlighting whether any of these tribal dances are still in existence today, died or have been transformed with society 1.2 Objectives Introduction to the meaning of dance in history and how it has changed through modernisation. Look into ancient tribal societies and how they lived their lives. A look into biblical societies, how dancing was used as an expression of joy, thanksgiving and enhancing their relationship with the divine. Provide information on how primitive and tribal communities used dance as a spiritual method to connect with the natural environment. The foundation of modern dance and whether any of it has derived from old tribal sacred dance that related to the communication of the divine. How the natural form of dance used for communicating with the natural environment has been lost due to industrialisation becoming a commercial form of communication Finally, a conclusion of whether dance in its natural form still exists in some parts of the world and how its being preserved through commercialisation, CHAPTER 2:  HISTORY OF DANCE 2.1 Dance Dance can be described as artistic form of non communication or to move in a graceful or rhythmical way. Its origins are lost in prehistoric times, but, from the study of many primitive tribes and ancient cultures, both men and women danced as a form of spiritual release intertwining the environment and the divine. History shows that there are two types of dances that evolved as cultures developed; Social dance and spiritual dance. Social dances are those used on occasions that celebrated birth and commemorated deaths whilst magical or religious dances were used as an active worship to communicate with the Gods as well as to cure the sick. In religious dance, the medicine men of primitive cultures were believed to have powers that invoked the assistance of a God and were both feared, respected and were considered by many to be the first choreographers, or composers of formal dances. 2.2. Biblical dance The bible is known as the sacred writings of the Christian religion which tells the faith and history of ancient Israel. It dates back many centuries ago and is believed to be the eldest book that dictates how the first human beings from this world lived their lives. In this book, dance is said to play a prominent role in communication and the expression of emotions to the divine. The bible was originally written in Hebrew, Greek and some bits of Aramaic language which resembles Hebrew. Some of the original Hebrew words in the Old Testament were kheel or khool meaning to twist or writhe, raw-kad meaning to jump or stamp and kaw-rar meaning to whirl. In the New Testament, the Greek term kheh-om-ahee means a circular motion. Like other historic religions, dancing was used to communicate with the divine Many biblical passages show how the people of Israel danced as expressions of happiness, gratitude, and praise for the higher being: Ladies dancing in the vineyard to celebrate the yearly festival – Judges 21:21-23 Jephtah’s daughter dancing and playing the tambourine judges -11:34 Miriam led dancing and singing and praise to the lord – Exodus 15:20-21 David danced before the ark of the lord to honour the Lord†¦ King David dancing and jumping around in his sacred dance – 2 Samuel 6:14-23 The bible emphasises dancing only to be used as a religious rite that was to be practiced for joyful occasions, national feasts and victorious battles. Males and females usually danced separately, not as form of courtship which is now seen in the modern society. Any form of dance not used for the glorification of the high being was regarded sinful. The only records in the bible of dancing for social entertainment were those of ungodly families who spent their time in luxury who’s end was believed to eventually come to a sudden destruction (Job 11:11-13); and the dancing of Herodians which led to the murder of John the Baptist. (Matthew 14:11) Hebrew words that have meanings related to physical movement were translated into English as rejoice. Every instance of dancing in the bible that was acceptable was done in worship and in praise to the God of Israel. It was a way to express the emotions and keep in contact with the divine one. 2.3 Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the birth place of one of the world’s first civilisations. This advanced culture rose 5,000 years ago. It thrived for over 2,000 years and so became one of the longest lasting civilizations in history. Dance was an essential part in ancient Egyptian culture. According to Wendy Burk, [1] it evolved from the simple rituals used by hunters to find their prey. Performing the dances was believed to help in later hunts. A leader, called a priest-dancer, was responsible for seeing that the dances were performed correctly so that the hunt would be successful. Eventually these dances were separated from their ritual and became an art of their own. This development paralleled the emergence of Osiris as Egyptian’s most important God. He was the symbol of a more developed civilisation on Earth, and belief in him guaranteed everlasting life. Dance was a crucial element in the festivals held for Osiris. These occurred throughout the year—in the summer, for instance, when the river Nile began to rise and the corn was ripening, and in the fall on All souls night—the ancient ancestor of Halloween. Egyptian art shows that Men and women never danced together, and the most common scenes depict groups of female dancers were often performing in pairs. Dancing within the ancient Egyptian culture could be spontaneous as were orchestrated for religious festivals: â€Å"All the people of all the dwellings of the court heard (of the coronation of Hatshepsut); they came, their mouths rejoicing, they proclaimed (it) beyond everything, dwelling on dwelling therein was announcing (it) in his name; soldiers on soldiers [], they leaped and they danced for the double joy in their hearts.† James Henry Breasted Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Two,  § 238 As true in most primitive cultures, music was a part of these celebrations but not as important as the dancing itself. Egyptians had developed stringed, wind and percussion instruments as well as different sorts of whistle and harms in order to communicate with their Gods. 2.4 Ancient Greek mythology Research shows that dance was used by the Greeks to honour their Gods and therefore used it for religious, fellowship and worshiping ceremonies. They believed the Gods offered this gift to some selected morals only who in return taught the dancing to their fellow men. The following exerts that talks about the origins of dance comes from H.B. Cothherhills book on Ancient Greece who’s extensive research talks about the origins of dance in ancient Greece. â€Å"Every fifth year the birth of the twin deities was celebrated with magnificence, amidst a great concourse, vividly described in the ancient hymn to Apollo: ‘hither gather the long-robed Ionians with their children and chaste wives. They wrestle, they dance they sing in memory of the God. He who saw them would say they were immortal and ageless, so much grace and charm†¦ † Ancient Greece: A sketch of its Art, Literature and philosophy Book by H.B Cotterill, Goethe, Milton, Virgil; Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1913 In the classic Greek song, Apollo, another one of the Gods who is son to Zeus is regarded as the dancer. Zeus is regarded as the the God of medicine, music and poetry. In a Greek line Zeus himself is represented as dancing. In an ancient province in Greece known as Sparta, Apollo was worshipped through the Gymnopaedia festivals and celebrations. They were performed by young boys, mature men and old men who focused on performing in a very dignified manner. As well as for religious ceremonies, dance was also used for education. It was thought to promote physical health and encourage education positively. Aristotle, a famous philosopher in Greek history, born in Greece (384-322) B.C, studied philosophy, taught that education should be a blend of music and gymnastic training in order to improve moral training. Socrates who also is an ancient philosopher in Greece said that dance should be taught even more widely than it already was. He said that those honouring the gods most beautifully in dance were those who were the best in war; he claimed that to sing and dance well was to be well educated. As with the Jewish festivals described in the bible, Greek dances were not based on the relationship between men and woman but were either performed either my males or by the females. 2.5 The Christian era As the Christian faith grew, along came dramatic rituals to be used for prayer. It came along with the Latin mass were dance was included along with the music and drama. Performed were what was known as miracle plays, mystery plays and morality play that taught the Church’s lesson in a theatrical manner. It became a form of entertainment rather that just part of a ritual practice. Both dance and song were used to communicate and express a full range of emotions. Other dances that evolved in the era were the sword dances that were performed in Germany, Scotland and Western Europe. This was most likely due to the Vikings. Sword dances link the swords to form a pattern or lock and in some dances a man enacts a ritual beheading. 2.6 Oriental dancing In various parts of Asia, traditions of dance date back to many thousands of years. Most theatrical dance forms of Asia were performed originally as parts of religious worship. Many folk dances also developed in Asia, but modern social dances reflect western influences. In some Asian dances, slight movements of the upper body, especially facial expressions and hand gestures communicate the message of dance. Many dances describe through gesture a historical event, a legend or a myth. One particular dance in the Hindu religion that showed expression of spirituality and deep commitment to the environment is known as the Bharata Natayam. This dance was originally performed in the temples of India and combines rhythmically complicated dancing with Hindu legends told in a song. The dance has been described: â€Å"†¦an offering of one self to the divine used by the devotee to connect with the supreme† Vasanthi Srinivasan: Teacher of the Bharata Natayam This particular type of dance dates back to second century AD., and was performed by young women who were offered to the Gods of the temple. According to Vasanthi Srinivasan, this type of dance fell into dispute with Islamic law which came about as invasions from the Muslim community who outlawed it. The Bharata Natayam was originally used to pay homage to the Gods but as a result of invasions, it now emerged as a state art form and has never left the hearts and minds of the Hindu people. [2] Despite the modernisation of the Bharata Natayam, the dance still shows its dedication and honour to the natural environment and divine in its movement. â€Å"Before the dance starts, the earth on which it is to be performed is sanctified. And since dance is like trampling on the earth, the dancer asks permission of the mother earth to trample on her. In this way, the dance bears similarities to other native and indigenous dances. The dancer dances in her bare feet out of respect for mother earth.The Bharata Natayam is a narrative type of dance. The dancer uses hand and body gestures put to music to tell a story. The stories are traditional ones based on nature and human emotion. There are two primary texts from which the stories are drawn: the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. The Mahabharata is about two fighting cousins, similar to the Greek Iliad. The one who brings about resolution is the Lord Krishna. The Gita, a special chapter in the Mahabharata representing the song of the Lord, is an elaboration of a moral code.† Mei-Lin Stichbury Dance in the Hindu scriptures show how the manifestation of the whole universe was brought into existence by the dance of the supreme dance Nataraja. It is part of a sacred temple ritual were they pay homage to the divine. The temple dance had now evolved to what is known as the Hindu classical dance however as shown in the Bharata Natayam, still preserves many ritualistic ideology of Hindu worship. China The ‘Sun Chia Chai’ one of the first most significant forms of Dance found in ancient China. Archaeological findings show pictures of dancers that were in the middle of a mimetic process connected to their hunting. Early writings show how dancing was incorporated within every aspect of Chinese culture since the beginning of civilization. As described by Yaron Moargolin, many can still feel the spirit of the ancient dances. In those, the dancers describe the course of the stars in the sky and bring the idea of heaven. In the dance known as the â€Å"yangoo† we can see the great movements of the dancer’s hands and legs which express the admiration to the universe. Those mimetic expressions has developed during the passing years and become an important part of everyday life in china. The dance was inspired by everyday relations between the regular Chinese man and his emperor, his friends or his body. It became very physical and after a while the classic dance came out of this. Until now, we saw only the happiness and joy in the ancient dances, but there were also bad feelings as fear and evil, which were expressed through dances. It was a war inspiration. http://www.israeldance.co.il/dance By Yaron Margolin Ancient paintings and pottery show that there are believed to have been two types of dances that emerged, one being the military dance, this dance is highlighted with dancers holding their sticks full of feathers. There were also amour, flags, hunting and fishing equipments that were used in the dance. The second kind of dance was the religious dance to communicate with the earthly surroundings and to honour the environment. These worship dances were believed to have been developed through hunting. [3] 2.5 Ancient Belly Dancing Belly dancing is a very ancient form of dancing. It retains its connections to the cycles of nature, the celebrations of fertility and light. It started out just as the many other historic dances began, a religious rite, it then evolved into folk art and through modernisation turned into a form of lascivious and entertainment. Belly dance is identified by swaying hips, undulating torso and articulated isolations employed in a range of dynamic and emotional expressions. The focus is on isolated movements of individual parts of the body with little notice given to footsteps. During its history, belly dancing was performed as a separate dance between the sexes. To them, women were the goddesses who created the mystery of life through their bodies. The rolling of the stomach imitates birthing contractions and the kneeling of the floor is similar to how women of more earthly, primitive cultures would squat to give birth rather than lying on their backs in a hospital bed [4] 2.7 Evaluation of Ancient Dance Dancing was sacred to the people who performed these acts. It was mainly used in worship rites. and served as a meditating force between people and the world of Gods. Prehistoric people made up religious dancing to gain favour of their Gods. In many of these cultures, dancing provided on of the most effective and personal methods of communication. It was used to express feelings such as joy, anger or happiness without saying a word CHAPTER 3: TRIBAL DANCE A tribe can be described as a unit of socio-political organisation consisting of a number of families, clans or other groups who share a common ancestry and culture and among whom leadership is typically formalized or neither permanent. For many tribes, dancing was very much their way of life, where each tribe has its own distinctive dance traditions that were interwoven with life. In some secret societies in Africa, a special initiation dance is known only to its members. When new members learn the dance, it represents their acceptance into the group. This chapter explores how tribes used dancing as an effective way of communication and whether any of these tribes still exist in our society today or have been lost due to the forces of industrialisation and modernisation. 3.1 Kerala Kerala is now known as a popular holiday resort state in India, however early archaeologist findings show that the first citizens of Kerala were hunter-gathers. These people still inhabit the mountains of southern Indians today. The next race of people in Kerala is believed to be the Austriches. The Austric people of Kerala are of the same stock as the present-day Australian Aborigines. They were the people who laid the foundation of Indian civilizations. They also introduced snake-worship in Kerala. Traces of such worship and ancient rites have been found among the Aboriginal tribes of Australia. Austric features can still be seen fairly and clearly among the people of Kerala today The tribal inhabitants of Kerala are believed to be about two hundred thousand years old. There are roughly about 35 different types of tribal chiefs among them. Centuries have failed to change them completely. They have been described as â€Å"A unique example of communities in isolated existence, still preserving their life, customers and manners almost untarnished by the advancing waves of urban civilization. Though adapted to different dialects and customs, their artistic expression evidently reflects the distinct, secluded and primitive social structure and nature of people and it still survives as virile as state as ever in the tribal hamlets of the hilly tracts.† http://www.kalakeralam.com/visual/tribaldance00.htm The tribes of Kerala have its own distinct dance traditions, like all tribal arts the dancing is the most direct expression of the innermost spirit. One type of ritual dance performed by is known as the Gadhika. The performance can be done as a ritual for having the safe delivery of a child. It begins with the principle performer invoking Lord Shiva for his help to cure the patients. Central to the belief is that a person falls sick when the Gods are angry. The participants of the dance involve both sexes whose function is to welcome both the Gods and Goddesses. 3.2 Bangladesh tribal dance Tribal dance in Bangladesh regions were based on their customs and beliefs. Before they will go on a hunt, hunters would draw pictures of their prey and dance in a body imitating a hunt. The hunter for example will dance around his prey and even at times donned the fur of his prey. With the evolution of society, human activities have undergone many changes resulting in different dance styles. Tribes in Bangladesh that still exist include the Santals, Oraons, Murongs and Chakmas. They live in the hilly regions of Bangladesh and although some changes have taken place in the livelihood and religious beliefs they still tend to follow their ancestors in various religious and cultural festivals. The Garos tribe perform their dance through what is known as a Nokma, [5] which is pleasing to the leader of the community. The dance is intended to express joy. A dance known as jariyali is also quite common in this region. The technique of picking fruits from the trees has been converted into a dance by the Garos. Dances are even based on the daily lives of pigeons. Thus, one dance shows how pigeons collect their food, feed and fondle each other. The Chakmas are known to celebrate a religious fair called the Mahamuni. At the beginning of the festival the statue of Mahamuni (the great sage) Buddha is placed at the temple. Then the young men and women perform together in a dance which is inspired by deep devotion. In addition, dances are performed by Chakmas [6] to have a good harvest and rainfall, and sometimes just for entertainment. The dance arranged for rainfall is participated not only by young people, but also by the older members of the community who come forward with full pitchers to spray water on the young ones A dance popular by the Oraon tribe is the karam dance which is performed on the occasion of planting and harvesting. It’s possible for this dance to last for a number of days and nights. Also the jhuma dance is performed for harvesting and the increase growth of crops. It is a unique and integral part of their social life. It begins with the dancers paying tributes to the god of crops with the dancers raising their hands and kneeling down to express their love and devotion to the Gods and Goddesses. [7] Through the dance they beseech the God to make them happy throughout the whole year to let them have better crops and to prevent them from various epidemics. Tribal dances for the Bangladesh people were traditionally performed without any stage, makeup room, lighting etc. They were mainly to pay homage to the Gods and communicate through the environment. The musical instruments used could merely be a pair of bamboos. Television and tourism have had an impact on tribal dancing, and stage, musical instruments, lightning and makeup have all become made more elaborate. 3.1 Anlo-Ewe Tribe The Anlo Ewe tribe is based in the southern east of Ghana in Nigeria. They are believed to have settled there in the 15th century (1474). For this tribe, dance drumming is an integral part of community life and an important necessity in the pursuit of the collective destiny, perhaps essence of their shared experience. For the Anlo-Ewe Tribe everybody must participate in dance. According to CK Ladzekpo Non participation amounts to self excommunication from society as a whole and carries with it severe consequences in a similar manner as non performance of some civic obligations in other cultures of the world. The most severe penalty for non participation is to be denied a proper burial. Receiving a good burial is extremely important to the Anlo-Ewe. In contrast to other societies of the world that demonstrate the importance of having a good burial by buying funeral insurance from commercial funeral homes, the participation of the Anlo-Ewe in the collective and shared experiences of the community is the only insurance towards receiving the proper burial. CK Ladzekpo http://www.africaguide.com/culture/tribes/anlo_ewe.htm This describes how essential it is for the Anlo-Ewe tribe to belong to a good dance group as way of communicating its social culture with other members. An old Anlo-Ewe proverb translates â€Å"You should join a dance group before you die.† Dances such as this are a non profit venture as seen in western society. [8] You don’t receive monetary compensation in the manner that hired musicians or dancers receive. 3.4 The Sun Dance On of the most sacred ceremonies practiced by the north American Indians is known as the Sun dance. This ceremony was practiced by many different tribes but shared many things in common, such as dancing, singing, experience of visions, vows and for some tribes self torture. Those who participated in the dance would have believed to have a sense of well being, contentment and harmony with the environment. Animals such as buffalos and eagles were also incorporated in the ceremony to act as the communicator between man and the spirit. â€Å"Common elements of the Sun Dance ceremony involves a pledger who makes a vow to perform the dance as a result of a dream or vision, a sweat lodge purification, the building of the Sun Dance lodge, smoking the sacred pipe, and the actual dance itself†¦Participants dances while gazing at the sun and blowing eagle-bone whistles, while attached to the sacred pole by thongs and skewers through chest the muscles and pulled outwards until the muscles tore free. The original sun dance was an occasion when all the tribe would gather to reaffirm their basic belief about the universal and the supernatural through ceremonies, words and symbolic objects.† The Native American Sun Dance Religion and ceremony Philip M. White The buffalo was the symbol of life, some attached the buffalo’s skull to their back. This form of self torture was considered highly honourable to the participants. The dance was a celebration of the generative power of the sun. It was important to their spirituality and a significant part of their life. It was only after intervention from the American government they banned the dance as it was seen insignificant to the new life of the west and they were repulsed by this new form of self torture inflicted. There were many who tried to bring the sun dance back to its original form and meaning but have not been successful. 3.5 ABAKUA Dance The term Abakua dance comes from a secret society in Cuba. The Abakua tradition relates back to the African slaves brought to Cuba in the 18th century. The Abakua society was founded in Havana Cuba by the Efik, a subgroup of the Ibibio tribe. Their dance consists of basic motives: self expression and physical release. One of the most basic motives of dance is the expression and communication of emotion. These motive forces can be seen not only in the spontaneous skipping, stamping and jumping movements often performed in moments of intense emotions, but also in the more formalised movement of â€Å"set† dances such as tribal war dances of festive folk dances. Yvonne Daniel (Rumba Dance and Social Change 1995, p36) describes the legacies in secret society coming from Africa being transported, replicated and transformed to a certain extent to fit the social environment of Cuba. Their dancing often re-enacts stories of mysterious beings who communicate through postures and gestures and the use of spirit masks. Here the emotions help generate emotions as well as communicate them through to others. The Abakua dance (founded October 2000 by Franke Martine) company try’s to portray this in their performances. They are made up of both dancers and drummers, the percussion marking out of the rhythm helps intensify the emotion. Frequently the dancers take turns performing, and there is usually a great deal of informal communication among the members of the stage. 3.6. The Tribes in existence Present in our society today, there are a few tribes who keep their dance culture of paying homage to the Gods and divine. There are also some who use it as an aspect of healing and the preparation of a hunt. Despite all this, it does not seem to be an essential way of life as it was used during those times. Many have now been marked to entertain and impress the public. The next chapter will now attempt to investigate these chang